Humanure

Before building our house at the farm, it took Dev several months to nail down all the details involved in building a composting toilet for the Indian context. We have been using this composting toilet for over four years now. Here I share the history and details of this construction.

Developing An Understanding

A couple of decades ago, when we were living in California I remember reading somewhere “all of us are peeing and pooping in drinking water”. The blatant truth in this statement hit me really hard. I felt terrible about  what we were doing (or being forced to do). This understanding was weighing me down for sometime and slowly it receded into the background. Several years later I came across this quote by Joseph Jenkins:

“The world is divided into two categories of people: those who shit in their drinking water supplies and those who don’t.”

This was a wake-up call. Dev and I started reading “The Humanure Handbook” by Jenkins. (All the quotes in this article are from this book) Soon after reading this book we decided that we wouldn’t have a septic system in the house that we were planning to construct on the farm. Also, we had a self-imposed limit on the water (2000 liters per day for household and farm purposes) that we could pump from our bore well. We needed to conserve all the water we could and use it for growing trees. Thus a no-flush toilet idea appealed to us right away.

 “According to a composing toilet manufacturer, waterless composing toilets can reduce household water consumption by 150,000 liters per year. This is significant when one considers that only 3% of the Earth’s water is not salt water, and two-thirds of the fresh water is locked up in ice. That means less than one percent of the Earth’s water is available as drinking water. Why shit in it?”

Current Sewage System - A Nightmare

“Let’s assume the whole world adopted the sewage philosophy we have in the United States: defecate into water and then treat the polluted water. What would that scenario be like? Well, for one thing it wouldn’t work. It takes between 1000 and 2000 tons of water at various stages in the process to flush one ton of humanure. In a world of jut 6 billion people producing a conservative estimate of 1.2 million metric tons of human excrement daily, the amount of water required to flush it all would not be obtainable.”

"Our septic systems pollute groundwater; this is an undeniable fact ... Between 820 and 1460 billion gallons of this (water from the sewage systems) contaminated water were discharged per year into our shallowest aquifers. In the US, septic tanks are reported as a source of ground water contamination more than any other source.”

What about wastewater treatment plants or sewage plants?

These plants are basically huge septic tanks that collect excrement(floating in water) of a large population. Treatment plants use aerobic or anaerobic microbial digestion of the solids. Once the microbes do their job and the contents are allowed to settle down, we are left with solids (called sludge) and the waste water. Sludge is treated differently in different places -- benign to out-rightly harmful practices . “The water left behind is treated, usually with Chlorine, and discharged into a stream, river or other body of water.” Whatever happens to groundwater! In India, the fecal sludge is often emptied out into untreated water, agricultural fields or forests. This poses serious risk to the public and the environment.

The Human Nutrient Cycle

 

 

 

PC: The Humanure Handbook, by Joseph Jenkins

I found this excerpt on iharweb.org; it succinctly captures the mess we are in:

“humans are going through the elaborate process of mining and processing to manufacture fertilizers, applying them to crops, and then losing it all via wastewater. Lakes and streams, which receive an excess of nutrients from wastewater are suffering from serious ecological effects such as oxygen depletion and fish-kills. Also, synthetic fertilizer manufacturing is an energy-intensive industry and is expected to increase to feed an ever-growing population”.

Closing The Loop

 “Not all cultures think of human excrement in a negative way. For example, swear-words meaning excrement do not seem to exist in the Chinese language. Traditionally, there was nothing more valuable to a peasant than humanure.”

 "In China, the practice of composting humanure with crop residues has enabled the soil to support high population densities without loss of fertility for more than 4000 years. There certainly was no chemical fertilizer 4000 years ago. The practice of composting all waste (humanure, livestock manure, household organic residues, organic farm residues) yielded a rich manure". 

“Farmers of Forty Centuries” was a book written by Dr. F. H. King and published in 1910. Dr. King was interested in finding out how people could farm the same fields for millennia without destroying their fertility. He writes:

“One of the most remarkable agricultural practices adopted by any civilized people is the centuries long and well nigh universal conservation and utilization of all humanure in China, Korea and Japan, turning it to marvelous account in the maintenance of soil fertility ... mineral fertilizers so extensively employed in modern Western agriculture have been a physical impossibility to all people alike until within very recent years”.

Our Construction

One of our friends, Venetia Ansel, had built a composting toilet on their farm. She helped us understand the issues involved. After a series of discussions at home and some R&D, we arrived at a design that incorporates:

- a urine diverter

- a urinal (for men)

- a urine collecting tank, that receives urine from both the men's urinal and the urine diverter

- a granite-top bench that sits on top of a toilet chamber 

- a toilet chamber 

- an exhaust vent pipe from the chamber

Our Composting Toilet

Composting Toilet Bench

Technical Details:

• The granite-top bench has a "business" area and a wash bowl. The "business" area is basically an opening in the bench with a bucket underneath it. The opening is slightly bigger than a normal Western toilet seat. The height of this bench (38 cm) ensures that it can be used as a Western (sitting style) toilet or Indian (squatting style) toilet. We have a hand-crafted toilet seat, for Western use. 
• The urine diverter, installed in the front of the "business" area, separates urine from the solids. We got this fabricated. This is connected to a five liter can, that is placed outside the building. We dilute the collected urine and use it as a fertilizer. The urine diverter does its job irrespective of the user's position (sitting or squatting). It ensures that the bucket underneath doesn't get  much of the liquid. The user is oblivious of all these technical details. 
• The toilet chamber has an opening from outside the building. We have a metal gate here. We have used an old cycle tube to achieve an air-tight seal (to deter bugs). The floor of this chamber is sufficiently above the ground level, to prevent any water from getting in during heavy rain.
• The vent pipe, from the toilet chamber, is covered with mesh at the top and capped with a PVC 'T' joint
• A hand-crafted, inverted 'U' shaped, wooden platform sits on top of the wash bowl to enable easy washing
• A window with mesh keeps the place well ventilated

Usage

After every potty use, we gently scoot over to the wash bowl and use the health faucet (spray) situated on the wall behind us. To prevent any odour, the (solid) excrement needs to covered well. We use sawdust from the local saw mills as the cover material. We get our sawdust from timber-only mills (these mills don't process plywood). We have used crushed, dried leaves when we couldn't procure sawdust. 

This toilet wastes so little water -- hardly 5 liter, for a family of four for an entire day!

If a composting toilet is managed properly, it should be odour-free...these toilets should provide a suitable alternative to flush toilets for people who want to stop defecting in their drinking water".

Composting and  Pathogens

We do off-site composting. We have a 10 liter bucket, aligned to the center of the opening in the granite-top bench of our toilet. This bucket is placed on a wooden base, with castors. Once the bucket gets filled up, we use a long hook to drag it out of the chamber. We dump this on top of an (unfinished) compost pile. 

We add kitchen waste and farm's green waste to the same pile. We sometimes add the collected urine also, depending on the moisture level of the pile. The nitrogen in the urine balances the carbon in the sawdust. Before re-installing the bucket into the toilet chamber, we wash it and add sawdust to the bottom. This ensures that the contents of the bucket get cleanly dumped. This keeps the bucket fairly clean and uses very little water while washing.

Once the unfinished compost pile gets sufficiently big, we start the composting process. We let the pile cool down for a couple of months. We then use the end product -- dark, fluffy, earthy smelling humus -- to fertilize fruit trees. We have observed that the trees and bamboo close to the humanure compost pile absolutely thrive from the extra nutrition that they receive from this pile. We have not observed the same growth rate anywhere else in the farm.

"There are two primary factors leading to the death of pathogens in humanure. The first is temperature. A compost pile that is properly managed will destroy pathogens with the heat and biological activity it generates. The second factor is time ... Given enough time, the wide biodiversity of microorganisms in the compost will destroy pathogens by the antagonism, competition, consumption and antibiotic inhibitors provided by the beneficial microorganisms".

Feedback from our visitors

We have had visitors from all over India, the U.S. and London. The most common feedback that we have heard so far is "it is just like a normal toilet!" We are very happy to hear this. We have hosted many, many families and have had no problems. A friend who built his house recently remarked "how I wish I visited this place before building my house! I would have built a composting toilet too!" Surprised by the ease-of-use and odourless nature of the toilet, a friend from Bangalore said that she would recommend this design to anyone thinking about such a toilet.

Commercial Composting Toilets

There are many commercial composting toilets now. Eco-san toilets are used in many places in India. Clivus Multtrum USA has been in the market since 1964! BioLet toilets are being engineered and built in Sweden since 1972! "At least 21 different composting toilets were on the market in Norway alone in 1975".

Future

A no-flush movement is gaining momentum in Europe. People are waking up to the fact that the current way of flushing and polluting the environment is not a sustainable one. Just last week, the Sunday Times (UK) ran an article on how "Composting Loo" is becoming the new status symbol!

“we too will have to constructively deal with all of our organic byproducts eventually. We can put it off, but not forever”. 

”... human species must inevitably evolve ... flush toilets and bulging garbage cans represent well entrenched habits that must be rethought and reinvented”. 

-- Hema

 

The konnai story

In 2013, when we were new to Athimanjeri, there was no garbage dump here. I didn't really see a need for one as there was not much garbage. But in the following few years, this changed rapidly. We now have two 100 ton garbage pits that fill up in no time. This put me in touch with the stark reality -- just a handful of us making eco-friendly choices is not going to make a dent in the garbage produced.

When Corona was at its peak in 2020, I realized that this presented a unique chance for introducing cloth pads (an eco-friendly alternative to disposable sanitary napkins) in our village and town. I started making cloth pads with a small group adolescent boys and girls. My idea was to provide job opportunity locally and grow a few socially-responsible individuals who can carry this venture forward.

I wanted to keep the price low, to make it affordable for the people here. I priced them at ₹ 100, per pad. Armed with a bunch of our cloth pads, I started a campaign, in our town and nearby villages, about the financial and ecological implications of using disposable napkins. Whenever I had a captive audience I handed out free samples. Over the course of next eight months, I gained the following understanding about the lives of rural women and the various factors that are at play here:

• Cheap disposable pads are really cheap (₹ 5, per pad). Because of this highly subsidized rate, in many cases it makes very little economic sense to not use disposables.
  
• Women spend  ₹ 50 - ₹ 150 per month on disposable napkins
• Many of them don't change their pads since every pad costs money. They use their pads for 8 - 12 hours!
• Young girls, women in their 20's and 30's do not want to wash cloth pads. 
• Older women (40 and above) still use cloth
• Often a poor, semi-urban family shares their bathroom/toilet with other families. Soaking and washing cloth pads is not practical here. 
• Government schools in Tamilnadu offer free disposable pads for girls from 9th grade onwards. Their families are not spending on pads. The staff at these schools siphon a part of these pads to their homes. Thus their relatives also get free pads. 
• Government schools in Andhra Pradesh offer free pads for older girls. The girls toilets are equipped with incinerators. So these schools don't see how this can be an environmental pollutant.
• Women often develop allergies by using disposable pads, but they don't talk about that.
• Most women burn the used pads, only some bury them.
• Up to 10% of the women, between ages 25 and 35, have had their uterus removed for mysterious reasons.
  
• Interestingly, caste and class played a role in how menstruation could be talked about. The upper the caste or class was, the males in the family were not involved in the discussion.

A very small percentage of women were eager to try the cloth pads. Satisfied with our pads, they started spreading the word around slowly. This local market was clearly not enough if this venture had to provide a sustainable livelihood for the makers of these pads. There was a need to go beyond the tiny radius that we were operating in. Thus konnai was born in mid-2021, with the help and support of many of our friends. It is now a rural employment initiative providing a source of income to a small group of youth and women.

konnai's vision is to enable people make better choices for a better tomorrow. This includes providing high quality eco-friendly reusable products at reasonable prices; providing a healthy work culture for the makers where they and their families can thrive.

 

Other than cloth pads, we also make cloth bags, cloth diapers, changing pads, baby wipes and bibs. konnai is now online. We can receive online orders and receive payments through GooglePay. Please spread the word about konnai. Thank you!

 

 

-- Hema

Where Is "Away"?

Till I was fourteen, we didn't have a dustbin/trashcan at home. There were none at any of neighbours' places, none at school and none at any public place. Not because we were all poor and not able to afford them. It was because our lifestyles then didn't need any. We of course did produce "waste", but most of it was bio-degradable -- kitchen waste, house sweepings, paper wrappers, worn-out clothes etc. These were tossed out into the yard without much thought. And they all became a part of the soil life around us. All of the monthly grocery came wrapped in newspaper from the neighbourhood store.  Snacks were all home made. Grains were processed at home. We carried our bags when we went to shop. There was also occasional non-biodegradable waste such as light bulbs, medicine bottles, aluminum foil from the pill strips. This was also tossed out; there was so little of this waste that it didn't matter.

This was the case until 1988, not that long ago. But when I reminisce about these plastic-free days and talk about to it young people, they find it absolutely unbelievable. When plastic entered our everyday lives, garbage started getting generated. I saw people who were living zero-waste lives switch over to use-and-throw lifestyle without even noticing the change that had come about in their lives. Now pretty much everyone, in every corner of the world, throws away the garbage that they produce. But, where is this "away"?

Irrespective of where we live, there must be at least one dump yard close to us. The size of these dump yards (or landfills) are growing in most places that can't afford incinerators. Burning garbage is not anyway a great solution, because of the greenhouse gases that are emitted. When we moved to Athimanjeri in 2013 there was no dump yard here. Now we have a whopping 10000 cubic feet of garbage that is being constantly burnt. This dump yard used to be agricultural land; it was also providing food and shelter to animals; it has now been rendered utterly useless, dead and toxic. Now consider this happening at a much larger scale in populous cities. For example, there is a garbage mountain looming in the outskirts of Delhi in Ghazipur. This will soon be taller than the Taj Mahal, which is also man-made.

Ghazipur dump on the left and the Taj on the right
Courtesy: The Guardian

What about garbage that floats away or gets dumped into the oceans? Well, there is indeed a massive floating garbage called "The Great Pacific Garbage Patch". It covers an approximate surface area of 1.6 million square kilometers – an area three times the size of France!!  Here is a recent video of this.

A 2012 report states that this patch has increased 100-fold since 1970's. And since 2012 it has doubled.  We don't really need experts to give us data regarding garbage. All we need to do is look keenly around us; at all the options that have come up as norms (like plastic water bottles, plastic bags). The garbage we produce will be here for ages to come. The bitter truth is that we have enjoyed a relatively-decent planet and are leaving behind a trashy planet for our children. 

Now, please pause to let this truth sink in. There is a desperate need for us to empathize with the future generations. 

There is no "away". 

-- Hema

Green The Red: Sustainable Menstruation

 I was born in 1974. Fortunate I was, for that was a time when disposable sanitary napkins were not there. There was no such trash then. On the contrary babies born this year in India, are born into a country trashed with 432,000,000 disposable sanitary napkins every month. Not the babies' fault though! Not one bit. (Data Courtesy: Environmental Portal, Down to Earth, 2011) 

This data being a decade old, it would be safe to say that the current number is likely to be ten times more than that -- 4320 million disposable sanitary napkins in garbage in India, every single month!! If this astronomical number is not enough to stop us on our tracks I don't know what else could.

If all our ancestors were trashing the planet the same way we do now, we wouldn't have had the space to grow food and live well. We would be surrounded by mountains of the napkin trash that would take 500 - 800 years to decompose; or we would be breathing toxic air that had the emissions from incinerating those. We thankfully still have a reasonably good planet. There is an inherent contradiction when we worry about the future of our children and trash the planet where they will live. This planet is a loan that we have borrowed from the next generation. We need to hand it over to them at least in the way we found it.

After all women have been menstruating ever since the inception of our species. We are not the first ones to menstruate! Thus it does not give us the right to trash the planet. We are mothers, wives, daughters, care-takers, home-makers,  professionals. We are socially responsible citizens. We can't be trashing the planet.  Our convenience in using disposable napkins externalizes the environmental costs involved. If all those costs were to be added up, the cost of a disposal napkin would go up multi-fold and thus would become un-affordable. Cheap products, more often than not, have subsidies, hidden environmental costs and externalized costs, that are worth investigating.

The switch to a reusable cloth-pad or a cup is a good place to initiate meaningful conversations in the family. I have heard excuses of all kinds: "it is dirty", "I can't see blood", "I can't insert the cup", "I can't wash the pad" etc. We ought to remember that every time we come up with excuses and make things convenient for ourselves, we are ruining the planet for our children and their children. This is the bitter truth we have to face if we continue with the convenience of disposable napkins.

How did this transition come about? An elderly person in our village gave me a plausible explanation:
"We used to consider air, water, land, fire, space (the five elements of nature called pancha bhoota) as sacred and elders instructed us not to pollute these. These were worshiped as Gods. Later when Gods were moved to their abodes in the heaven, the sanctity of these five elements was lost. People didn't see the need to worship them."

Going back to nature worship or heightening one's social responsibility? 

Green The Red: Sustainable Menstruation 

-- Hema

Ain’t About A Simple Bag.

It all started when Mr. Z walked in with plastic bags containing groceries for the day. He is a close relative who I have known all my life. I was visiting his family. I tend to take liberties with them and so asked why they continued to bring plastic into their house, in spite of all the conversations we have had before. Their spontaneous response was that they needed plastic bags to discard their garbage!

This is the story of most households in countless places – people bring plastic in and throw plastic out. I asked the couple to think about the world that their ancestors left behind for them and questioned if they can justify leaving behind a planet filled with non-biodegradable plastic trash for future generations. They said that they didn’t have the time to ponder over such questions and instructed me not to waste my time either. It was quite clear that they won’t take a deeper look at the issue. I decided to prod further since I was not fighting for a personal cause. What baffled me was that, this was a couple who mostly lived waste-free just 30 years ago. Indeed, I often draw inspiration from how they lived back then.When I told them this, they said: “We didn’t throw plastic away because there was no plastic to be thrown away in those days.” So, it was not a matter of choice, and hence there was no value attached to their earlier waste-free lifestyle.

I spent the next few minutes talking about the poor people that sift through garbage, the great pacific garbage patch, the companies that make money selling millions of these plastic bags, the time (thousands of years) that plastic would take to decompose, the toxins that get into the air when plastic is burnt etc. I was curtly told that there was no need for me to get so emotional over a simple plastic bag. But it isn’t just one bag. Their own household, I know, has been throwing away 7–10 plastic bags/wrappers every day, adding up to 2500–3700 plastic bags/wrappers per year! When I mentioned this number, I am sure the enormity of it caused them to flinch a little. But still there was no commitment from their side.

I had no idea how to get past this invisible wall they had constructed around them. All I knew was my heart was racing, my frustration was mounting and  my anger was taking control of me. I was unable to connect with them effectively.. When I became mindful of my current emotional state, I realized that I could ask them to do some mindfulness practice too. I asked Mr. Z to try running an experiment on himself just for one day. I said, “Please carry a few cloth bags with you and use only those. Please indicate your preference to the shop-keepers and if possible let them know the reason. Since you know that your choice is helping the earth, you are likely to feel a certain way about your choice and your action. Please observe the feelings and emotions that get evoked within you”.

Maybe this couple will start seeing garbage with a new pair of lens. If not, I will have to devise another way to reach out. I can’t give up, can I?

-- Hema

After the bull was butchered

By August 2011, we had made up our minds to move back to India and live off the land. To get a first-hand experience of such a living, I started volunteering at a local organic farm in Cotati in Northern California. This farm had some vegetable beds, chickens, horses and pasture fed cows and bulls. I was working 5 hours every week, doing all kinds of odd jobs in the farm. Since my kids (8 and 5 years old then) were being homeschooled, this was a part of the learning experience. Their "learning" involved picking veggies when they were ready, eating tree-ripe fruit, enjoying time with the farm animals, collecting eggs from the chicken coop, relishing fresh butter and occasionally listening to parts of intense discussions about global economy, climate change, fossil fuel etc.

One day, the owner of the farm told us that he was expecting the local butcher. They had decided to get rid of the 2 year old bull that had contracted an infection. Being vegetarians, we dashed out as soon as we could. We got a glimpse of the big red truck that the butcher had come in. On the way back home, my kids and I discussed the options that the farm owner had, given the current scenario. It was interesting to observe the insights they had about this incident.

Two days later we returned to the farm. The bull was obviously gone and I was asked to clean the fenced open space (roughly 30' X 60') he had lived in. The ground there had caked cow dung. I was to scrape a few inches of the rich deposits and add it to the new compost pile. It took me two hours to finish the job. I had never done this kind of manual labor before. Something about this seemingly mundane job touched me deeply. 

I was thinking of this wonderful gift that the animal had left behind and how this gift will enrich the soil on the farm. Two years of life-span and no trace of waste that would pollute the place where the animal lived!! This seemed phenomenal to me. I began wondering about the amount of waste a human in its place would have generated. 

Thoughts and emotions were racing in my mind: "we, humans, are much smarter than this bull that had died
(at least we like to think so). But our intelligence seems to be detrimental to the state of the Planet. With all our intelligence, we have caused irreversible problems like global warming. Are we really smart? Or is the bull that died smarter than us?"

Interestingly, the farm owners started using the phrase "the bull in the deep freezer" when they had to refer to the bull that died. I was left wondering if this dead animal was now consuming more resources than it ever did when it was alive.

- Hema

Daily Acts Toward A Waste-Free Life

Early last year (2011) my friend Natasha Juliana passed me an article from the Sunset magazine. The article, titled "Zero-waste family in Marin", described how this family managed to live a pretty normal life with no waste.

The article immediately made a deep impression on me. It reminded me of my childhood in South India. Growing up in the 1980s in the small city of Trichy, I never saw my family throw anything away. Our neighbors were no different -- there simply was no garbage service! "Zero-waste" was just a part of the lifestyle there, at that time. Of course things have changed there now. Back then, we always carried our own bags and baskets to the grocer. We even bought cooking oil in our own steel containers. Milk was measured in liters and delivered at our doorstep, as was butter. We bought grains (paddy and wheat) in huge jute sacks, took them to the mill and brought home the flour. Meals were always made at home. So were snacks, yogurt and sun-dried goods.

Inspired by the zero-waste family in Marin, I started looking closely at my own everyday life, putting garbage that I produce into perspective. It helped a great deal to watch the documentary “No Impact Man” that was suggested by my friend Suzette Stephens. What ensued was a series of small changes towards reducing garbage that have added up over time, with the result that we have put out our municipal trash can only twice in the last twelve months, and the recycling can only a few more times.  I will now take you on a short tour around our household, and talk about the changes we have integrated into our everyday lives.

To begin with a little background is in order. We are a family of four: my husband, a boy (8), a girl (5 ½) and me. We live in a duplex condo in Rohnert Park, California, in a pretty typical American suburb built in the early 1990s.

Grocery Shopping.   

Let's begin with the bags. We have a few bags of bags in our car trunk that we carry for grocery shopping. This includes the transparent plastic bags too. Since we always reuse our bags, we hardly have the need to use new ones provided at the store. Some stores even offer a small discount for bringing one’s own bags! It was such a pleasure to discover the bulk bins at our local stores. We buy most of the organic staples that we need -- including yeast, fig bars, vanilla extract, soba noodles and pasta -- from the bulk bins now. We found that a lot of times it is cheaper to buy organic items from the bulk section. My kids were of course delighted to see ginger cookies, sesame sticks and raspberry bars there. “Mom! Organic snacks in the bulk bins! No chemicals and no plastic! Can we buy these?” A few months into this mode of shopping, we realized that all that we needed was located in the periphery of the stores. By avoiding the center aisles we were reducing the plastic we were throwing away and also probably buying healthier at the same time.

The bulk bins brought to our notice other grains that we have now introduced into our diet. Our breakfasts now include millet, corn meal and steel-cut oats. And I shouldn’t forget to mention the fresh ground peanut butter that my kids simply love. We take our own (empty) glass jar, get it weighed initially (tare weight) and refill our jar. Some of the local stores that have a wide range of items in their bulk bins are Oliver’s in Cotati, Community Market in Santa Rosa and Whole Foods in Petaluma.

We buy our eggs directly from local farms or friends that have chicken coops or the farmers' markets. We return our empty egg cartons to the farmers. We learned about the energy-intensive recycling process involved with the plastic milk containers; we were not entirely happy about the details of it. So we switched to Strauss milk which comes in glass containers; we pay a deposit of $1.50 at the time of purchase and that is credited when we return the container. We buy cheese only if we can find a vendor (at the Farmers' market) who is willing to sell a small unwrapped wedge. This necessarily means going without cheese most of the time. Considering the energy involved in the production and sales of cheese, we have decided to include it only occasionally in our meals as a special treat. The ideal situation would be to become vegan (we have always been vegetarians), then we won’t have to worry about these details.

Kitchen. 

We have a green waste receptacle, next to the sink, where all our vegetable and fruit scraps go. There is no trash can under the sink now. Instead I have reclaimed this space for much needed storage for small appliances like the blender and the jars, the sandwich/waffle maker etc. I noticed that even after making changes to the way we grocery-shopped, our main source of plastic was the bread that came in plastic bags. One option was to switch to breads available in paper bags. Instead, I decided to take up the daunting task of baking, something I had never really done before. I decided to get help and enlisted a dear Petaluma friend, Sarah Hamner, to be my baking teacher. She walked me through a great recipe for a delicious whole wheat loaf. Every week or so, I faithfully follow her recipe make three loaves at a time. The kids love to get involved and the whole process has evolved into a greatly enjoyable culinary ritual. To maximize the use of the oven, I also make granola or baked pasta on the same day. We also make our own yogurt (just add live culture into warm milk), jams during summer and various kinds of simple dips and sauces like hummus and apple sauce.

Refrigerator/Freezer. 

We have a relatively small energy-efficient refrigerator/freezer where we store dairy, veggies, fruit and leftovers. Having just enough space to store meant that we could never over-stock and also ensured that leftovers waiting to be eaten caught our eyes and are not wasted.

Pantry. We have a bag of bags where we put back the grocery bags after transferring everything from the store into their respective containers. This bag is moved to the car once it has enough bags.

Kids' Corner. We use only one-sided paper from the mail and from my husband’s office for arts. The kids have a small basket under their table to discard used paper; when it overflows they take it to the recycling bin in the garage. They have similar baskets in their rooms for recycling paper. The kids mostly use pencils, color pencils, crayons, chalk pastels and water color for their art work. We don’t buy markers, sharpies etc.

Office/Mail. We mostly receive electronic statements and pay our bills online. We signed up at various places to stop junk mail from flooding our mailbox. There is a recycling bin under the table in our home office. We decided not to own a printer just to avoid the unnecessary printing that the convenience offered.  We use scrap paper to write down driving directions off the Internet.

Dining Area. 

At the table, we have a small pile of cloth napkins, for use during meals and also to wipe off spills that are frequent with kids around.

Clothing. 

Thanks to a friend in my town, we almost never buy new clothes or shoes for our kids. We have established a nice network to circulate these hand-me-downs and everybody that participates benefits from it. We buy under garments new and the rest is all from local thrift stores. This includes my clothes too. It took me a while to get comfortable with shopping at the thrift stores; it is looked down upon in India. Now I enjoy the benefits it offers – less expenses, supporting our local economy, reducing garbage, etc.

Cosmetics. 

I have some stick-on bindis (decorative jewels for the forehead) from India and one lipstick (which I have hardly used). I use a rechargeable electric razor. It has lasted many years. Some local stores sell shampoo, soap, detergent etc. in bulk. We take our own containers and get them refilled. I read about people using baking soda as a deodorant and liked that option.

Laundry. 

We buy laundry detergent powder that comes in cardboard boxes; recycling plastic detergent containers needs more energy. We don't use the dryer most of the year; we either sun-dry or air-dry (drying the clothes in the garage out of the sun, especially during the rains) our laundry. We plan our laundry days based on the weather forecast, during the rainy season. This keeps our gas and electricity bill in the $20's during summer and around $50 during winter.

Sanitary Needs. 

My good friend and piano teacher Jane Fosgreen surprised me when she said that she could count the number of instances she had used a commercial feminine sanitary product. She said that she had always used good quality cloth. I was guilty of the fact that after moving to the U.S., I had conveniently forgotten the norms in India and had transitioned seamlessly to the disposable-ways of living that is prevalent here. I switched back to cloth and found it to be very easy and natural. Recently I heard from a friend about the Diva cup. It certainly is an equally good, sustainable and comfortable alternative.

Parties and Gifts. 

I have a set of about 2 dozen plastic plates and silverware just for party needs. We share this party set with local friends. We invite a small group of friends and families to the birthdays of our children. We serve homemade food and snacks or local fruit and veggies. We have inconvenienced some of our friends by asking them not to bring any gift; so we now request them to bring in any used book, toy or game that their child has outgrown. That works very well. The best birthday gift so far has been the farm-fresh eggs from my friend's backyard!! Our birthday gifts to my kids' friends have been books, homemade desserts, homemade jam, handmade crafts and gift cards to local stores.

Eating-out. 

We choose places that have reusable china and silverware. Also we have one or two of our small containers handy (in the car) just in case we have leftovers.

Car. 

We have a steel water bottle and a coffee mug in the car along with the bags of bags in the trunk.  We have a couple of spoons and forks that have come in handy many times.

Purse. 

My kids asked me if I could carry two little spoons for tasting the samples at the grocery stores. It was quite rewarding to observe that they have taken the zero-waste lifestyle seriously.

House Cleaning. 

We use a rag or sponge to clean the kitchen counter thereby easily eliminating our need for paper towels. We have laminated floor downstairs which are swept with a broom and the dirt is put back into the garden or compost. We mop the floor with a mop that uses a cloth pad. Our bedrooms are carpeted which are vacuumed once in a while. We do throw away the bags. We have separate rags to clean the bathroom floors.

Trash Cans. 

We do have a trash can in the garage and toilet for emergency reasons and also for the convenience of our guests. We discard our old toothbrushes, empty toothpaste tubes (only some brands have recyclable tubes) and vacuum cleaner bags.

Recycling. 

It was a shock for us to realize that recycling was only marginally better than dumping something into the landfill. The Internet has all the details, if you are interested. Basically, we realized that recycling is a good beginning but clearly not sustainable and does not come close to reducing waste.

Now, you may think this is a lot of hard work. Well, it actually isn't. It is a different way of perceiving and planning so we can simply reduce our impact on this beautiful Earth. I shop once a week at Oliver's. During the summer, we buy our produce from the Farmers' market, so we go to Oliver's once every 10 days to 2 weeks. I cook once a day for a maximum of 30 minutes; there are days when we eat out too.

Our family life is fun-filled.  We enjoy a wide variety of activities with the children – including gardening, cooking, vocal music, instrumental music, arts & crafts, board games. Our almost-waste-free philosophy doesn’t stop us from having fun, not one bit.

By treading gently and serving as the role models, we hope our children may take it up too. By involving the next generation we hope to preserve the nature of this only Planet we have. Also, every once in a while some of the following thoughts and questions arise in my mind and they help me stay on track:

- My mom and grandma certainly raised their kids in a more eco-friendly way than me. When I have conflicts in my mind - whether to do something in a certain way - I look up to their ways and that helps me choose the right course, which always takes the environment into consideration.

- If I spend a little bit of extra time shopping, planning and organizing, I can save Mother Earth thousands of years that she will need to decompose the waste I would have produced otherwise.

- When something seems very convenient or very cheap for an unknown reason, I stop to think “Who is actually paying the price here?” That helps me not fall into the trap.

- Years ago, I was disturbed to read a news article that said the U.S. shipped garbage to poor, developing countries. Since I am from one, it bothered me deeply. I have seen both the worlds - America that ships garbage and Indian slums that sit on mounds of garbage. America certainly "looks" clean. The garbage does go away from our houses. But where is “away”?

- Hema